What is the most important qualification for a group to be considered indigenous?

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Introduction
Terms Commonly Used when Speaking almost Indigenous Peoples' Homo Rights
Rights at Stake
International Instruments of Protection
Un organs for Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights
Resources

I. Introduction

Who are Indigenous Peoples?

People who inhabited a land before it was conquered by colonial societies and who consider themselves singled-out from the societies currently governing those territories are called Indigenous Peoples.

As divers past the United Nations Special Rapporteur to the Sub-Committee on Prevention of Bigotry and Protection of Minorities, Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are

…those which having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves singled-out from other sectors of societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of gild and are determined to preserve, develop, and transmit to futurity generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence every bit peoples, in accordance with their ain cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems.

(Martinez-Cobo, 1984)

Indigenous Peoples worldwide number between 300-500 1000000, embody and nurture 80% of the earth'due south cultural and biological diversity, and occupy 20% of the world'southward land surface. The Indigenous Peoples of the globe are very diverse. They alive in nearly all the countries on all the continents of the earth and form a spectrum of humanity, ranging from traditional hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers to legal scholars. In some countries, Ethnic Peoples form the majority of the population; others contain minor minorities. Indigenous Peoples are concerned with preserving state, protecting language and promoting culture. Some Ethnic Peoples strive to preserve traditional ways of life, while others seek greater participation in the current state structures. Like all cultures and civilizations, Indigenous Peoples are ever adjusting and adapting to changes in the world. Indigenous Peoples recognize their mutual plight and piece of work for their self-determination; based on their respect for the earth.

Despite such extensive diversity in Indigenous communities throughout the globe, all Indigenous Peoples have i thing in mutual - they all share a history of injustice. Indigenous Peoples have been killed, tortured and enslaved. In many cases, they have been the victims of genocide. They accept been denied the right to participate in governing processes of the electric current country systems. Conquest and colonization have attempted to steal their dignity and identity equally ethnic peoples, as well as the cardinal right of self-determination.

Indigenous People or Indigenous Peoples?

The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economical, Social and Cultural Rights state that all peoples have the right of cocky-conclusion past virtue of which they "freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economical, social and cultural development". (Function one, Article one, 1966) However, because in that location has been dispute over the exact significant of the term "peoples", it is not clear exactly to whom "peoples" refers. Some state governments oppose use of the term "peoples" in regards to Indigenous Peoples because they fear its association with the right of secession and independent statehood. Those states would adopt the terms "tribes" or "populations", which practise not accept those associations. On the other manus, Indigenous Peoples use the term "peoples" considering of its association with inherent recognition of a distinct identity. "Indigenous People" is a compromise between these two positions. Ethnic Peoples and their advocates observe the deprival of being described equally "peoples" and the inherent entitlement to self-determination a form of racism and connected discrimination.

Ii. Terms Commonly Used when Speaking about Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights

Rapporteur: An expert entrusted past the United nations with a special man rights mandate, interim in his or her personal capacity.

Colonization: An human activity of colonizing, significant to establish a torso of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state.

Self-determination: The correct of a cohesive national group ("peoples") living in a territory to cull for themselves a class of political and legal organization for that territory.

Collective: Denoting a number of persons or things considered equally ane group or whole.

Group: A number of individuals assembled together or having some unifying human relationship.

Treaty: A contract in writing between two or more political authorities (equally states or sovereigns) formally signed past representatives duly authorized and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the state.

Signed: To write one'south [country's] name as a token of assent, responsibility or obligation.

Ratify: Ratification defines the international act whereby a land indicates its consent to exist bound to a treaty if the parties intended to prove their consent by such an act. The establishment of ratification grants states the necessary fourth dimension-frame to seek the required approving for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact the necessary legislation to requite domestic effect to that treaty.

Enter into force: When it enters into force, a treaty is legally binding on all parties that have ratified the treaty. A treaty usually goes into effect when a certain number of member states have ratified it.

Accede: "Accession" is the act whereby a country accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty already negotiated and signed past other states. Information technology has the same legal upshot as ratification. Accession commonly occurs after the treaty has entered into force.

Reservations: When a land makes a reservation to a treaty, it means that the state considers itself bound to the treaty, except for those provisions to which it makes the reservation. A reservation enables a land to take a multilateral treaty as a whole by giving it the possibility not to utilize sure provisions with which it does not want to comply. Reservations must not exist incompatible with the object and the purpose of the treaty. Furthermore, a treaty might prohibit reservations or only allow for sure reservations to be made.

General Assembly: The Full general Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations. It is equanimous of representatives of all Fellow member States, each of which has one vote. The General Assembly passes resolutions on important issues concerning everything from outer space to disarmament.

International Decade: An International Decade is a 10-year menses in which the UN focuses on a specific topic (for example: Indigenous Peoples) and tries to fulfill important goals regarding that topic.

Covenant: A usually formal, solemn, and binding agreement. It is like to a treaty.

Operational directive: World Bank Operational Directives contain a mixture of policies, procedures, and guidance on how the Bank deals with specific topics.

World depository financial institution: The World Banking concern is a evolution assistance bank. It provides strategies and loans to developing countries to help them "better living standards and eliminate the worst forms of poverty."

Iii. Rights at Pale

Despite international recognition and acceptance of the Universal Announcement of Human Rights,which guarantees the fundamental rights of all human beings, in applied fact Indigenous Peoples' human rights remain without specifically designated safeguards. To this day, Ethnic Peoples continue to face up serious threats to their basic existence due to systematic authorities policies. In many countries, Indigenous Peoples rank highest on such underdevelopment indicators as the proportion of people in jail, the illiteracy rate, unemployment rate, etc. They confront discrimination in schools and are exploited in the workplace. In many countries, they are not even immune to study their own languages in schools. Sacred lands and objects are plundered from them through unjust treaties. National governments continue to deny Indigenous Peoples the right to live in and manage their traditional lands; often implementing policies to exploit the lands that have sustained them for centuries. In some cases, governments accept even enforced policies of forced assimilation in efforts to eradicate Ethnic Peoples, cultures, and traditions. Over and over, governments around the earth have displayed an utter lack of respect for Indigenous values, traditions and human being rights.

In international discussions on the protection and promotion of Ethnic Peoples' homo rights, some States accept argued that a more conscientious application of human rights standards would resolve the consequence. On the other hand, Indigenous Peoples argue that such international human being rights standards accept consistently failed to protect them thus far. What is needed, they argue, is the development of new international documents addressing the specific needs of the earth'south Indigenous Peoples. Although the Universal Declaration of Homo Rights is designed to protect the human rights of all individual human beings, international law apropos collective homo rights remains vague and can neglect to protect the group rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Iv. International Instruments for the Protection of Ethnic Peoples' Human being Rights

International legal instruments have the form of a treaty (besides called agreement, convention, covenant, protocol), which may be bounden, on the Contracting States. When negotiations are completed, the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive and is "signed" to that event past the representatives of states. There are various means by which a country expresses its consent to exist bound by a treaty. The most common are ratification or accession. A new treaty is "ratified" by those states that accept negotiated the instrument. A country, which has non participated in the negotiations, may, at a later stage, "accede" to the treaty. The treaty enters into force when a pre-adamant number of states have ratified or acceded to the treaty.

When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, that state may make reservations to one or more manufactures of the treaty, unless reservations are prohibited by the treaty. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at whatsoever fourth dimension. In some countries, international treaties have precedence over national law; in others, a specific police may exist required to give an international treaty, although ratified or acceded to, the force of a national law. Practically all states that take ratified or acceded to an international treaty must consequence decrees, amend existing laws or introduce new legislation in order for the treaty to be fully effective on the national territory.

Not all international instruments are legally bounden treaties. For example, some of the nearly important human rights instruments are declarations. A declaration does not accept any legal power to enforce compliance, but rely purely on the moral weight information technology carries.

Indigenous Peoples' rights overlap with many other human rights. Many important Indigenous Peoples' rights are not framed in specific Indigenous Peoples' rights treaties, but are part of more general treaties, like the Universal Proclamation of Human Rights or the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Criminal offence of Genocide.

Un

NEW-- Man Rights Council adopts Proclamation in June 2006

Human Rights Quango Res. 2006/ii, Working group of the Commission on Homo Rights to elaborate a typhoon annunciation in accord with paragraph five of the General Assembly res. 49/214 of 23 December 1994 (2006).

Typhoon Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
This is the near comprehensive statement of the rights of Indigenous Peoples to engagement, establishing collective rights to a greater extent than whatever other certificate in international human rights law. It establishes the rights of Indigenous Peoples to the protection of their cultural property and identity as well as the rights to education, employment, health, organized religion, language and more. It besides protects the correct of Ethnic Peoples to own land collectively. Although States are not legally spring by the Declaration, information technology volition exert a considerable amount of moral force when adopted by the General Assembly. Consisting of 46 Articles, the draft Announcement is divided into nine parts:

Role 1. Fundamental Rights
Part 2. Life and Security
Part 3. Culture, Faith, and Language Laws
Part iv. Instruction, Media, and Employment
Part 5. Participation and Development
Office half dozen. State and Resources
Function 7. Cocky Government and Indigenous
Function viii. Implementation
Part 9. Minimum Standards

Originally drafted in 1985 by the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, the world's largest human rights forum, the typhoon Declaration was adopted past the United Nations Sub-Committee on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in 1994. From there, the draft was submitted to the Commission on Human Rights, which established the Working Group on the draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Working Group, in which more than 200 Indigenous organizations participate, meets once a year. Its goal is to facilitate the Full general Assembly'due south adoption of the Declaration by 2004, the terminal yr of the International Decade for the Globe's Indigenous Peoples.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
The Universal Declaration of Homo Rights is the get-go international certificate that states that all human beings are "equal in dignity and rights." (Article 1) Everybody is entitled to the rights in the Declaration, "without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sexual practice, linguistic communication, organized religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, nativity or other status." (Commodity 2)

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Criminal offense of Genocide (1951)
Genocide ways any of the post-obit acts which have the intention of destroying, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group: "killing members of the group; causing serious actual or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring most its physical devastation in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to forbid birth inside the group; forcibly transferring children of the grouping to some other group." (Article 2)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
This Covenant outlines the basic civil and political rights of individuals. At that place are also provisions for collective rights. "In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in customs with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language." (Article 27)

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
This Covenant describes the basic economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals. It too has provisions for collective rights.

Convention on the Emptying of All Forms of Racial Bigotry (1966)
"Racial discrimination" is defined every bit "whatever stardom, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or indigenous origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economical, social, cultural or any other field of public life." (Article one)

International Labor System (ILO) Convention 169 (1989)
The ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention was the first international convention to address the specific needs for Indigenous Peoples' human rights. The Convention outlines the responsibilities of governments in promoting and protecting the human rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990)
The Convention contains regulations and suggestions relevant to Indigenous Peoples on the non-bigotry of children (Article 2), the broadcasting of information by the mass media in minority languages (Commodity 17), the right to education, including instruction on homo rights, its own cultural identity, language and values. (Article 29) Commodity xxx states that children of minorities or indigenous origin shall non exist denied the right to their own culture, faith or language. (Article thirty)

Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992)
This Annunciation deals with all minorities, which includes many of the world's Indigenous Peoples. It only concerns individual rights, although collective rights might exist derived from those individual rights. The Declaration deals both with states' obligations towards minorities as well as the rights of minority people. Topics that are dealt with include the national or ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic identity of minorities (Article 1); the free expression and evolution of civilisation; clan of minorities amongst themselves; participation in decisions regarding the minority (Article 2); the do of minority rights, both individual and in groups (Commodity three); and pedagogy of and about minorities. (Commodity 4)

Rio Declaration of Environment and Evolution and Calendar 21 (1992)
These two documents are connected to the World Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In them, the special human relationship between Ethnic Peoples and their lands is acknowledged. Indigenous Peoples have a vital function in environmental management and evolution considering of their traditional knowledge and practices. (Rio Announcement, Principle 22) In lodge to fully brand utilize of that knowledge, some Indigenous Peoples might demand greater control over their land, self-management of their resources and participation in development decisions affecting them. (Calendar 21, Affiliate 26.four)

Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
The Convention calls upon its signatories to "respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological multifariousness and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices;" (Article viii(j))

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Activeness (1993)
The Vienna Declaration is the endmost declaration of the 1993 World Conference on Homo Rights held in Austria. Information technology "recognizes the inherent dignity and the unique contribution of indigenous people [sic] to the development and plurality of society and strongly reaffirms the commitment of the international customs to their economic, social and cultural well-being." (I.20)
Furthermore, the annunciation called for the completion of the draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the renewal and updating of the mandate of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the proclamation of the International Decade of Indigenous Peoples. (2.28 – 32)

Report of the International Briefing on Population and Development (1994)
At the Conference it was agreed that the perspectives and needs of Indigenous Peoples should be included in population, evolution or environmental programs that affect them, that they should receive population- and development-related services that are socially, culturally and ecologically appropriate. (Paragraph vi.24) Another important determination was that Indigenous Peoples should exist enabled to have tenure and manage their land, and protect the natural resources and ecosystems on which they depend. (Paragraph vi.27)

Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (2001)
The Durban Announcement and Plan of Action has a specific section dealing with Indigenous Peoples issues. Peradventure more important than all the recommendations is the fact that the Declaration is the start Un document that uses the phrase "Indigenous Peoples" rather than "Indigenous People".

European Union (EU)

Council Resolution on Indigenous Peoples within the Framework of the Evolution Cooperation of the Customs and Members States (1998)
This resolution provides the main European Wedlock guidelines for back up of Indigenous Peoples. Information technology calls for the integration of Indigenous Peoples' interests in all levels of development cooperation and the full and free participation of Indigenous Peoples in the development process. The resolution states: "Indigenous cultures plant a heritage of various knowledge and ideas, which is a potential resource for the entire planet."

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
The Office of the OSCE Loftier Commissioner on National Minorities was established in 1992 to identify and seek early resolution of ethnic tensions that might endanger peace, stability or friendly relations between OSCE participating States. The High Commissioner has no specific Ethnic Peoples mandate, just treats Ethnic Peoples like any other national minority.

Organization of American States (OAS)

Proposed American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1997)
The draft Declaration outlines the homo rights that are specific to Indigenous Peoples. Items covered include, among others, the correct to cocky-authorities, ethnic law and the right to cultural heritage. A Working Group of the OAS is nonetheless discussing the Annunciation.

World Depository financial institution

World Bank Operational Directive (1991)
This Operational Directive outlines the World Bank'due south definition of and involvement in Indigenous Peoples. It also addresses economic issues (technical help and investment projection mechanisms) concerning Indigenous Peoples. The Bank's narrow definition of Ethnic Peoples and ambiguity concerning its role in their economical development has resulted in much criticism from Indigenous Peoples' human being rights advocates. Consequently, the World Bank is currently in the process of revising it. A typhoon of the new Directive 4.x (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/0/c9878d8cbf6e2ac485256a6b007c93e0?OpenDocument) is available on the World Bank website.

V. United Nations Organs for Indigenous Peoples' Human being Rights

Un Working Group on Indigenous Populations

The United Nations Working Group on Ethnic Populations, a subsidiary organ of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/sc.htm ), is the first and only Un trunk involved exclusively with matters apropos the human rights of Ethnic Peoples. Information technology reviews national developments concerning the promotion and protection of Indigenous Peoples' human rights and develops international standards for Indigenous Peoples' human rights and freedoms. The Working Group too undertakes studies on a diversity of problems affecting Ethnic Peoples. About 700 persons regularly attend the Working Group sessions, including observers for Governments, Indigenous Peoples, non-governmental organizations, and scholars.

UN Permanent Forum on Ethnic Issues

In 2000, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 1 of the 6 principal organs of the Un, established the Permanent Forum on Ethnic Issues to consider a wide range of problems affecting Indigenous Peoples. The Forum, which includes eight Indigenous experts, is the starting time and but international body in the Un that has Indigenous Persons as members. Information technology meets one time a twelvemonth for ten working days and submit almanac reports to the Economical and Social Council. The start meeting was May 13-24, 2002. The Permanent Forum serves as an advisory board to the Economic and Social Council, discussing Indigenous bug relating to economic and social development, civilization, the environment, pedagogy, health, and man rights. From these discussions, the Forum provides good advice and recommendations to the Council, raises awareness of Indigenous issues within the United nations system, and prepares and disseminates data on Indigenous issues.

United nations Working Group on the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

This Working Group of the Commission on Human Rights meets in one case a year and is responsible for reviewing and debating the draft Annunciation. The Declaration volition be non-binding for States, even so, it will serve equally a powerful statement of universally accepted norms as information technology will be adopted past consensus of all member states of the Un and will provide a strong basis for arguing for greater legal protection for indigenous rights in many countries.

UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of the human rights and central freedoms of indigenous peoples

Rodolfo Stavenhagen was appointed as the offset Special Rapporteur on Indigenous Peoples on 24 Apr 2001. His mandate is equally follows: to gather data on violations of human rights and cardinal freedoms of Ethnic Peoples, to formulate recommendations to prevent and remedy such violations and to work together with other experts of the UN Commission on Human Rights and of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human being Rights. The Rapporteur cooperates closely with the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Bug (http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/pfii/ ) and the Working Group on Ethnic Populations.

VI. Resource

Principal Websites Devoted to Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights

Center for the World's Indigenous Peoples
The Center for the World's Indigenous Peoples is a research and teaching system dedicated to an appreciation of the knowledge of indigenous peoples. It serves to promote greater agreement of the social, economic and political realities of indigenous nations. The Heart aims to foster better understanding between peoples and to found cooperation between nation also every bit between nations and states. The Eye's website contains information on education programs and conferences, publications, research and domestic and international policy apropos Indigenous Peoples. The website besides includes links to The Center for Traditional Medicine (http://www.cwis.org/ctm/index.html ), the Fourth World Institute (http://world wide web.cwis.org/fwi.html) , The Fourth Earth Journal (http://www.cwis.org/fwj/index.htm ), and the Center for the Globe'due south Indigenous Peoples' Bookstore (http://www.cwis.org/fwj/index.htm ).

NativeWeb
NativeWeb is an international educational arrangement that uses telecommunications to disseminate information about indigenous nations, peoples, and organizations around the world. NativeWeb enables indigenous communities all over the earth to communicate, share resources, and coordinate on projects and initiatives. NativeWeb'due south on-line Resource Center includes a nations alphabetize, geographic regions alphabetize, news/events, legal issues, books and music. Links at this site provide pathways to detailed data apropos nearly any Indigenous effect.

Cultural Survival
Cultural Survival is an organization dedicated to developing new strategies for responding directly to the critical needs of the world's indigenous populations. Information technology analyzes and publicizes examples of how indigenous peoples take successfully responded to the serious crises. These case studies are the central problems of Cultural Survival'south research, education and advocacy program. They are discussed in Cultural Survival's conferences, in its publications and on its spider web site.

The Ethnic and Tribal Peoples Centre
The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Centre aims to foster a better understanding of Indigenous Peoples' values, cognition, practices and education. The Website provides links to resource that heighten understanding of current developments on relevant bug and provide information of import for informed participation between various sectors of society and in decision-making processes. 4 of the Website's main topics are: promoting sustainability, traditional cultures and values, legal frameworks and Indigenous Peoples, and Indigenous Peoples, Mother Earth and the Spirituality Projection.

Indian Police force Resource Center
The Indian Law Resource Center engages in legal advocacy for the protection of Indigenous Peoples' human rights, cultures and traditional lands. On the site are descriptions of the Center's casework, archives to newsletters and links to relevant organizations and documents. The Center deals with cases in North and Central America.

Survival International
Survival International is a worldwide organization supporting tribal peoples. It stands for their right to decide their own future and helps them protect their lives, lands and homo rights. Survival works by educating the people of 'The West' about Indigenous People and by providing Indigenous People with the information and means they need to preserve their mode of life in the face of contacts with the Western earth and Western companies.

Indigenous Nations and Governance Bodies

Associates of First Nations (Canada)
Inuit Circumpolar Conference
Metis Nation of Ontario
Navajo/ Hopi and Black Mesa
Navajo Nation
Sami News (in Sami)
Sami Parliament (in Sami)
San of South Africa
Haudenosaunee Homepage
Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs

Indigenous Peoples and the United nations

United Nations Office of the High Commission for Human Rights
The Office of the Loftier Commission for Human Rights' Indigenous Peoples website provides an extensive overview of Ethnic Peoples and the UN systems. This site also provides links to the Working Groups, the Permanent Forum, Special Rapporteur, Un documents, funding, and the United nations organisation.

United Nations Evolution Program – Indigenous Peoples
This site details how the UNDP works together with Indigenous Peoples. It includes information on Ethnic Peoples' bug, the UNDP's programs and objectives regarding Ethnic Peoples, and a resource center containing documents, information on conferences and contacts at the United nations.

World Conference Against Racism/Un Guide for Indigenous Peoples
The Un Guide for Indigenous Peoples includes twelve leaflets on Indigenous Peoples and the Un system. Some of these include: Ethnic Peoples, the Un and Human Rights, Homo Rights Treaty Bodies and Ethnic Peoples, Ethnic Children and Youth, and Indigenous Peoples and the Environment.

Ethnic Peoples and the European Union

European Marriage Human rights and Democratisation Policy – Promoting and Protecting the rights of Ethnic Peoples
The website has a link to the Eu Council Resolution on Indigenous Peoples. It also contains data on some of the European union programs that affect indigenous peoples. It lists names and e-mail addresses of relevant EU people and has links on international organizations and indigenous NGOs.

Indigenous Peoples and the System of American States

Inter-American Committee on Human being Rights
This is the website of the Human Rights Committee of the Arrangement of American States. Virtually information relates to human being rights in general, but under the heading 'Publications' there is a link to the Proposed American Proclamation on the Rights of Ethnic Peoples.

Human Rights Educational activity

Un Treaty Reference Guide
Human rights are treaty-based. This UN site explains (in very formal language) the terms used in UN treaties. Information technology is non human rights centered, only it helps to understand the terms and procedures that evidence upwards in every man rights treaty.

Academy of Minnesota Human Rights Eye
The main focus of the Human Rights Heart is to help train effective man rights professionals and volunteers. The Human Rights Center assists human rights advocates, monitors, students and educators through five primary programs: Practical Human Rights Research, Educational Tools, Field and Training Opportunities, Human Rights On-line and Learning Communities and Partnerships.

The People's Decade of Human Rights Educational activity
The People'southward Decade of Human Rights Instruction (PDHRE) is defended to increasing awareness of human rights in social club to strengthen and invigorate efforts for change. PHDRE teaches how the homo rights framework can be used to address social and economic injustices throughout the globe. The Ethnic Peoples' component of the PDHRE website provides a concise overview of Ethnic Peoples' human rights and a comprehensive explanation of governments' obligations and commitments to ensuring the human being rights of Indigenous Peoples with specific text citations. It besides includes a wide multifariousness of lesson plans and strategies for homo rights education.

Researching Indigenous Peoples' Rights Nether International Police
The last time this site has been revised was in 1999. It is, therefore, not upward to engagement. However, it is valuable as an introduction to fundamental human rights issues. The site has a clear layout and features an overview of important issues, legal documents and a broad-ranging bibliography (up to 1998).

Human being Rights Education Associates
Man Rights Didactics Associates in an organization dedicated to quality education educational material development, training educators and activists, inquiry and development, and fostering on-line community building. The on-line HREA offers courses via distance learning for human rights workers, tutorials that innovate a number of human rights issues in an interactive manner, study guides, and discussion boards.

Un Decade for Human Rights Education
The UN Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004) website offers a wide variety of practical activities for primary and secondary schools besides as a link to Assisting Communities Together (Human activity), a United nations program that offers financial support for grassroots activities in the field of homo rights carried out past community-based organizations and individuals.

Amnesty International Human Rights Didactics
The Amnesty International Homo Rights Education website offers a broad variety of human rights pedagogy resources: classroom materials and resources, oftentimes asked questions almost human being rights, sample lessons, resource notebooks, human being rights syllabi, a manual for starting human rights didactics, a resource center on-line catalog for human rights education materials. The website also contains an extensive list of actions that students can take to effect change in their communities and throughout the world.

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Acknowledgements:

This guide was developed by Sarah Hymowitz, Ivor Dikkers, and Amalia Anderson. Joshua Cooper, Charmaine Crockett, Lisa Garrett, Bill Means, Kristi Rudelius-Palmer, Dee Sull, and David Weissbrodt revised and edited the text.

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Domicile || Treaties || Search || Links

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Source: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/studyguides/indigenous.html

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